Spandana Vakapalli
Oxidative stress is a case, where the variation occurs among the production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in the cells and tissues such that detoxifying capacity of a biological system is overwhelmed. Oxidative stress is responsible for the development of diabetes complications. Due to the diabetes there is a defect of metabolism which causes the excessive production of mitochondrial superoxide in endothelial cells of both large and small vessels, and along with the myocardium. By the increase of superoxide production which leads to the activation of pathways: increased expression of the receptor for AGEs, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, polyol pathway flux, increased formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and over activity of the hexosamine pathway.